新技术清理船舶排气

2014年，Haldor Topsoe A / S及其意大利合作伙伴Ecospray Technologies S.R.L.推出了一种称为Eco-Jet的突破性催化工艺技术，可以显着减少海洋船只的有害排放。

When Topsoe in November 2014 launched a new catalytic process to reduce harmful emissions from ships powered by heavy fuel oil products (bunker fuel), it provided the global shipping industry with an entirely new option to overcome a huge and long-time challenge. The product, named ECO-Jet, was co-developed with Topsoe’s Italian partner Ecospray Technologies S.r.l. and represents more than five years of intense development efforts. It was tested on a large cruise ship, the M/S Queen Victoria, in close collaboration with the vessel’s owner, Carnival Corporation, one of the world’s largest cruise companies. Once installed aboard a ship that uses heavy fuel oil, the process eliminates up to 95% of soot emissions while also removing poisonous hydrocarbons and a wide range of heavy metals including vanadium, iron, nickel, silicon and sodium. Furthermore, the ECO-Jet technology can be combined with a so-called scrubber process that removes sulfur. This is highly necessary, since heavy fuel oil may contain as much as 3.5 per cent sulfur. Sulfur removal is particularly relevant in a number of coastal emission control zones around the world, where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently imposed stricter sulfur limits.

黑烟和全球变暖

While pollutant emissions from land-based sources are gradually being reduced in many places around the world, shipping emissions continue to increase. Although air pollution from

船舶没有与例如溢油事件相关的直接原因和效果，它具有累积效果，这有助于空气质量问题和酸雨和烟雾等环境问题。“当他们送到海上时，使用垃圾燃料的大型船只发出有害的黑烟。这代表了全球空气污染的大来源。众所周知，颗粒物质的排放，包括船只的烟灰和NOx，导致肺和呼吸道疾病，导致城市的烟雾，“凯尔德约翰森高级科学家解释。“更重要的是，船舶排放中​​的基本碳是石墨，导致所谓的”黑碳“，具有高全球变暖的影响。例如，它在冰川表面上的垮台，加强了冰融化。“

Providing new options for regulators

虽然在低硫柴油燃料上运行的陆地柴油车通过经过验证的技术进行了多年的颗粒状拆除，但是对由重型燃料油提供的船舶的海洋版本的开发是一个主要挑战海事行业，因为它对发动机排气系统施加了许多额外的要求。由于缺乏可用和运营的技术，国际海运组织（IMO）一直不愿对微粒排放施加严格的限制。“在欧洲，北美和世界各地的越来越多的其他地方，在港口地区工作的卡车必须完全是严格的微粒排放法规。但码头的船舶没有任何颗粒状监管限制。Keld说，这是高度矛盾的，与航运业缺乏E FFI的颗粒物质拆除技术有关。

Operational technology in place

“With Topsoe’s new process, we have an operational technology in place that is able to reduce emissions of soot and heavy metals. The process has interesting environmental perspectives and, for Topsoe, promising commercial perspectives as well,” he continues. As previously mentioned, the heavy fuel oil or bunker fuel used in the shipping sector contains up to 3.5% sulfur and several hundred ppm of different heavy metals such as vanadium, iron, copper, nickel, calcium, cobalt and钠。据Keld Johansen称，船舶可以在环保船用燃料上航行，含硫的含量小于0.1％。然而，问题是，转换到这种燃料仍然太昂贵了：“多年来，海事行业使用环保燃料讨论。问题是，全球重新的能力仍然太小而无法取代燃料燃料。这就是为什么我们必须以另一种方式从地堡燃料治疗废气。随着我们的催化过程，现在这是可行的，“他说。Topsoe的新排放过程是几个试点项目的结果。最大的飞行员是维多利亚州女士的巨大游轮，可容纳2,000多名乘客。这里测试了生态喷射过程，在艰难的现实条件下具有很有希望的结果。

The issue of marine pollution

Ocean-borne commerce has increased steadily over the past few decades and is expected to continue to play a crucial role in the globalized world economy. This growth will add to air quality problems and global climate change risks unless ship emissions are controlled. Today, however, these emissions remain largely unregulated. Local and regional air quality problems associated with ship emissions, especially in coastal areas, are a concern because of their public health impacts, smog and greenhouse gas emission. Port communities are additionally burdened by their proximity to shipping facilities. In particular, air pollution emitted from port-related activities adversely affects the health of port workers and those who live near port areas. Because their air pollutant emissions have been comparatively unregulated, ships and port facilities are now among the world’s most polluting combustion sources per ton of fuel consumed. To address these issues, the shipping and port industries have adopted new technologies to improve fuel quality and ship engine technology, while operational changes at ports are reducing the air pollution from port-related activities. In contrast, the reduction of emissions from commercial marine vessels still represents a major political and legal challenge.